Pdf of Lenovo Article free essay sample

Major forces in the macro environment  ·Demographics forces Lenovo is the native enterprise of China and Chinese population is so large that the purchasing power in China is still very strong. In recent years, Lenovo mainly developed business in Russia, India and Brazil and we can find that these three countries are also the ones among the top 10 populous countries in the world. Considering the age trends, Generation X amp; Y are the main group of consumers. Especially after entering the 21th century, the number of customers who are over 50 years old is continuously growing. Cultural forces The young people are paying more attention to the leisure and spending more on such electronic products. This trend motivates Lenovo to innovate new products.  ·Political forces The scientific development concept, stated by General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, has a focus of ‘making the information industry bigger and stronger’. According to this, the Chinese politic al environment is favorable to the internationalization target of Lenovo. We will write a custom essay sample on Pdf of Lenovo Article or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page  ·Technological forces To be honest, Lenovo does not have a core technology. However with internationalization acquisitions of IBM, Medion and CCE, Lenovo has obtained some advanced techniques and gotten a better technological environment.  ·Natural forces The production bases of Lenovo are established respectively in Beijing, Shanghai and Huizhou which are cities with convenient transportation. Besides China has abundant natural resources which are beneficial to the manufacturing enterprises.  ·Economic forces The previous years’ international financial crisis lead to a worldwide market fluctuates strongly. Consumers spend less on IT and commercial PC in period of economic recession. 1. 2Major forces in the micro environment  ·Suppliers Lenovo introduced the management mode of Dell, making the suppliers build factories near the product department of Lenovo. They take a measure of ‘get the products when you need’ to let the suppliers share the risk and expenditure of storing components.  ·Competitors There are many famous IT companies in the world, such as, HP, Apple, Dell, Toshiba, Sony and Samsung. They are strong competitors to Lenovo. Some of the companies like Dell and Acer are trying their best to develop commercial and consumer market to attract customers. However, Lenovo took a study of new technology as the main work and ignored the market expansion for a long time since it improved its global recognition after purchasing IBM.  ·Customers The GDP per capita in China keeps growing these years with an accumulative fortune of customers. As we all know, buying power matters income, the more purchasing power, the more profit to native market. And there is another point that consumers are gradually changes from the enterprises into individual. By researching the characteristics of different customers and designing the approximate products which can meet their needs, Lenovo can establish a good long-time brand image in the mind of consumers.  ·Considering the rural customers nowadays, Lenovo has found that rural market will be a part of purchasing power in the future because these customers have strong brand awareness. And after the Consumer Electronics Subsidy Program, Lenovo have got brand impacts in the rural areas. 2. 2Positioning Lenovo’s positioning mainly considers the following factors:  ·Brand name Lenovo gave up its original trademark ‘Legend’ and changed it into ‘Lenovo’ in 2004. The new brand name ‘Lenovo’ is made up of ‘Le’ which is the prefixes of ‘Legend’ and ‘novo’ which has the meaning of ‘innovation’ in Latin. Hence, the new brand name represents the positioning of Lenovo’s target of being the legend in the IT market depending on innovation of products.  ·Competitive advantages Lenovo’s typical brand proposition is ‘more for the same’. Therefore, it has to have some competitive advantages that can leave customers greater value than the other companies. And the following factors are Lenovo’s main competitive advantages. (1) Lenovo divides their consumers into groups in detail and they have various products designing for different types of customers. (2) Lenovo has a big and high-quality technical team which has a number of researchers and engineers who are knowledgeable in designing new products. So they can ensure that the product is fashionable and fully functional. (3)They test the products according to the standard parameters strictly and then they can ensure the high quality of every product. Service By virtue of the high-tech means which is at the leading place in its field, Lenovo promise to provide pre-sale, sale and after-sale services to customers. Strategy analysis Customer Segmentation amp; product choice Lenovo divides their customers into five groups according to the scale of customers, such as, home amp; home office, small business, medium business, large enterprises and business partners. And then they also su bdivide the individual consumers into more detailed segmentation.  ·Geographic City customers amp; rural customers with a strong brand awareness in China -Customers from Europe, Asia and South America  ·Demographic -College students -Young ladies who are white-collars -Fashion gentlemen -Businessmen -Middle-aged person -Old people  ·Psychographics -Game players -People with no special needs Especially, Lenovo focus their attention on four main types of peopleyoung white-collars, game players, college students and rural people because they are the most representative among the customers. The white-collars pay attention to the quality of life, pursuing the products which are contracted but not simple. Therefore, Lenovo designed a new kind of laptop-‘ideapad Y’ for them because the products of serious of ‘idea’ initiate a life attitude of optimistic and joyful. The game players hope to release their pressure by playing the exciting games. So they need a kind of computer which has a wonderful function of image sound multimedia. And then Lenovo developed ‘ideacentre K’ and ‘ideapad Y550’ for them because of the HD screen and quad Core. And the main function of this web could be classified by 4 sections, which are introduction of products, online shop, solution for and services amp; warranty, simply but practical. The most important thing we notice is the online shop, since the great brand value, the online shop is an important area to build the customer confidence. Why people choose to buy product in the homepage shop not the other B2B or other online retail shop. The most important thing is the Trust! Because of the customer believes in the really enormous multinational company with a great brand value. So the online shop can not let them down, it is important for building brand value. At this aspect the Lenovo works well. Owe to a good management of supply chain, they keep a promise of deliver date on the online shop strictly, which leads to a good reputation of online sales service. Besides that, the brief introduction and picture of the item gives customer a really easy way to purchase product, so the homepage of the Lenovo accumulate a lot of customer trust recent years. Another online presence the Lenovo devote itself to is, as most big company does, the social communication. As the above picture, Lenovo chooses so many methods to showcase themselves and seize eye on it. Let’s make the Facebook of the Lenovo as an example. Since the majority of Facebook users are adolescences, the most attractive thing for them, usually, is the making open character. For that reasons, the Lenovo online presence pays much attention to the self-made video uploading system which aims at the customers and the potential customers who use the Facebook to express themselves. Many visitors are attracted by those, and via that video, they make a beautiful combination with the brand of Lenovo and the customer communication. In the meantime it leaves a greatly deep expression to the curious video-visitors and stimulating the consumption eventually. Besides that, actually the Lenovo Facebook constructs a great exchange platform for customers. They can share the experience of the product on it, find out the advantages and disadvantages of new product and get much useful information about secondhand product selling. And I successfully get a good suggestion on how to choose a functional PC via it, so I think it is the best thing I found on the online presence of Lenovo, a wonderful online community for the IT-lover! The last but least, an efficient customer feedback system really improve the company a lot. At this point I think the Lenovo need to do better, because I almost can not find any where to give some feedback to the company. At a short glance on the most of the online presence method of Lenovo, the wed always reflect a situation that if you have some words to tell them, the email is the only way you can choose. Even when you use the Facebook you still can not leave a feedback for them on the web directly, which I think is not humanity design at all. The international marketing strategic A background of the Lenovo Group Lenovo is a Chinese personal computer manufacturer that has grown to be the third largest personal computing company in the world. Since its acquisition of the IBM PC Division in 2005, Lenovo has been a player on the international stage, expanding its operations rapidly. By 2006, Lenovo had acquired and set up significant investments and centers in the United States, and had begun marketing Lenovo branded products outside China for the first time. There is a SWOT analysis for Lenovo recent year globe activities. SWOT analysis Strengths Lenovo’s major strengths lie in its current brand image and market share. On international scale, Lenovo ranks second in corporate sales. It shows tremendous capability for improvement, however, due to its superior reputation for high quality and high end products inherited from IBM. And for a long time till now, Lenovo always has a strong base in China, with a 29% share of China’s PC market. Weaknesses Since Lenovo is a fresh player in the international stage it has a lot of weaknesses in its outlook. In general, its manager team really needs professional market knowledge to be competitive with the HP and Dell. For many cases say that the Lenovo react slowly to the marketing changes. Opportunities It is the most important part of the global activities for the Lenovo, because it is a perfect timing of it to relieve bottleneck. In fact, managing a globe brand is really a hard work for a manage team, especially the Lenovo really lack of experience. However the acquisition of the CCE is a wonderful chance to raise it own reputation. A detail analysis is made via our group work. As the China PC market is increasing slower than it before 2008, the Lenovo need more oversea sale to make it up. Since the US economy suffers and the HP has a great market share in European Union, the Lenovo had to make an innovative progress. At this time, it does not let the chance go, the Lenovo choose to open up the Brazil PC marketing. As everybody knows the Brazil will be the host of the 2014 world cup and the 2016 Olympics games, which is a big time to develop the economy and showcase itself, at this time to exploit the market of South America not only to take an advantage of being a lead in this market but also has a great chance to raise it own brand in world scale.

Free Essays on Analyis Of Farewell To Arms

Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms In Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms Fredrick Henry’s lust eventually turns to love for Catherine Barkley. Fredrick Henry is an American who is studying architecture in Rome when WWI starts. He joins the Italian army and becomes an officer in charge of overseeing the ambulances in a small town a few miles from the front. He likes to drink rather heavily with the other officers and goes with them to the local bordello. Him and his friend Rinaldi often talk about girls and the women of the bordello. â€Å"Here now we have beautiful girls. New girls never been to the front before† (11). Henry is happy with his flings and does not think much about them except that they are fun. Rinaldi meets two new women, two English nurses at the hospital and have just arrived to the town. Rinaldi takes Henry to meet the two nurses. Henry then meets Catherine Barkley and at first is only interested in her physically like he is with the other girls. When he goes the next couple of afternoons to see her he acts like he is playing a game. One visit he tries to kiss her and gets slapped for it but this only worked to his advantage. â€Å"I was angry and yet certain, seeing it all ahead like the moves in a chess game† (26). He plays it off and is able to finally get a kiss from her.... Free Essays on Analyis Of Farewell To Arms Free Essays on Analyis Of Farewell To Arms Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms In Ernest Hemingway’s A Farewell to Arms Fredrick Henry’s lust eventually turns to love for Catherine Barkley. Fredrick Henry is an American who is studying architecture in Rome when WWI starts. He joins the Italian army and becomes an officer in charge of overseeing the ambulances in a small town a few miles from the front. He likes to drink rather heavily with the other officers and goes with them to the local bordello. Him and his friend Rinaldi often talk about girls and the women of the bordello. â€Å"Here now we have beautiful girls. New girls never been to the front before† (11). Henry is happy with his flings and does not think much about them except that they are fun. Rinaldi meets two new women, two English nurses at the hospital and have just arrived to the town. Rinaldi takes Henry to meet the two nurses. Henry then meets Catherine Barkley and at first is only interested in her physically like he is with the other girls. When he goes the next couple of afternoons to see her he acts like he is playing a game. One visit he tries to kiss her and gets slapped for it but this only worked to his advantage. â€Å"I was angry and yet certain, seeing it all ahead like the moves in a chess game† (26). He plays it off and is able to finally get a kiss from her....

The German Lyrics for Edelweiss

The German Lyrics for 'Edelweiss' If youre a fan of the The Sound of Music, then you probably have the words to Edelweiss memorized. But if you only know the song in English, its time to learn how to sing it in  German. Edelweiss is more than just a sweet song from a classic musical. Its also a good  example of how songs are translated into different languages. Though it was written in English for a 1959 American musical set in Austria  that was adapted as a movie in 1965, German lyrics werent written until later. It might surprise you to learn that the translation isnt exact; in fact, its not even close, except in the general sentiment. Before we get into the translation, heres some background on the song. Edelweiss Isnt German or Austrian The first thing you should know about Edelweiss is that its not an Austrian or German song. The only thing German about it is its title and the alpine flower itself. The song was written and composed by two Americans:  Richard Rodgers  (music) and  Oscar Hammerstein II  (lyrics). Hammerstein had a German heritage- his grandfather, Oscar Hammerstein I, was born in what is now Poland to a German-speaking Jewish family- but the song is strictly American. In the film, Captain von Trapp (played by  Christopher Plummer) sings an emotional version of Edelweiss, a resounding, memorable rendition that may have contributed to the false idea that its the Austrian national anthem. The second thing  to know about  Edelweiss is that it, like The Sound of Music, is virtually unknown in Austria. Although Salzburg, Austria, bills itself as The Sound of Music City, customers for The Sound of Music tours include very few Austrians or Germans. Edelweiß der Liedtext (Edelweiss Lyrics) Music by Richard RogersEnglish Lyrics by  Oscar HammersteinDeutsch: UnknownMusical: The Sound of Music Edelweiss is a very simple song no matter which language you choose to sing it in. Its a great way to practice your German with a tune that you probably already know. Both the German and English lyrics are below. Notice how each language uses the songs rhythm and has  the same or nearly the same number of syllables per line. Both sets of lyrics have a romantic feel, not only in the meaning of the words  but also in how they sound. German Lyrics English Lyrics Direct Translation Edelweiß, Edelweiß, Edelweiss, Edelweiss, Edelweiss, Edelweiss Du grà ¼ÃƒÅ¸t mich jeden Morgen, Every morning you greet me You greet me every morning, Sehe ich dich, Small and white, I see you, Freue ich mich, clean and bright I am looking, Und vergess' meine Sorgen. You look happy to meet me. And I forget my worries. Schmà ¼cke das Heimatland, Blossom of snow Decorate the home country, Schà ¶n und weiß, may you bloom and grow, Beautiful and white, Blà ¼hest wie die Sterne. Bloom and grow forever. Flourishing like the stars. Edelweiß, Edelweiß, Edelweiss, Edelweis, Edelweiss, Edelweiss, Ach, ich hab dich so gerne. Bless my homeland forever. Oh, I love you so much. An  Example of How Songs Are Translated In translating songs, how they sound and flow with the music is more important than an exact transliteration of the words. Thats why the German translation is significantly different from  Hammersteins English lyrics. We dont know who wrote the German lyrics for Edelweiss, yet he or she did a good job of retaining the meaning of Hammersteins song. Its interesting to compare all three versions side by side so we can see how musical translations work.

Law of Tort. Majrowski v Guys and St. Thomas NHS Trust. Rylands v Coursework

Law of Tort. Majrowski v Guys and St. Thomas NHS Trust. Rylands v Fletcher - Coursework Example Therefore Ben is at liberty to pursue a claim against X Ltd. in tort for Amir’s harassment provided he can substantiate the requisite elements constituting harassment. The fact that Ben complained to management in the past and after the incident in which he was locked in a store closet will not exempt X Ltd. from liability under the principle of vicarious liability. Despite a formal warning, the harassment continued. The fact is, an employer can be vicariously liable even if the employer is not aware of the harassment leading to psychiatric injury. Since Ben can substantiate harassment for which the employer is vicarious liable under the House of Lords’ interpretation of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 , Ben will have to prove that the harassment took place in the course of employment. An employer can only be held vicariously liable for the conduct of an employee during the course of employment. In this regard, the Salmond test is instructive. The Salmond test provides that: An employer will be liable not only for a wrongful act of an employee that he has authorized, but also for a wrongful and unauthorised mode of doing some act authorised by the master. 5 It can be inferred that since Ben complained in the past and Amir’s harassment only intensified, X Ltd. authorized the harassment and therefore Ben will be able to meet the definition of the Salmond test. As Lord Millett stated, the Salmond test would act as a guide for applying the law to different facts and circumstances.6 Vicarious liability under the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 broadens the Salmond test in that the employee need only be acting during work hours and in the workplace.7 Moreover, it was established in Jones v Tower Boot Co. Ltd., that the Salmond Test may not be applicable in cases of harassment. The Salmond test may only be applicable in cases where an employee’s tortious conduct is directed toward a third party. However, when the employee’s conduct is d irected toward another employee, the employer will not escape liability. In this regard, the phrase â€Å"in the course of employment† will be interpreted liberally.8 In the final analysis, the test to be applied in establishing vicarious liability, is whether or not the behaviour complained of was such that it had an impact on the victim’s ability to perform his duties. Essentially, what this means is that once the harassment occurs during working hours and more especially in the workplace, the employer will be liable.9 In any event, there is no doubt that the bullying and/or harassment committed by Amir, did have an impact on Ben’s ability to work. He took three weeks off work and upon his return was subjected to further bullying which rendered Ben unable to return to work. Therefore in all the circumstances, Ben has a claim against his employer, X Ltd. for harassment at work under the principles of vicarious liability. B. Amir Section 1 of the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 provides for a new head of civil/tort claims in respect of harassment. Civil/tortious liability will arise when a person embarks upon a â€Å"course of conduct† that â€Å"amounts to harassment of another†. Although harassment is not defined by the 1997 Act, the House of Lords ruled that harassment would include causing anxiety or distress†. In fact, Section 3 of the 1997 Act permits the recovery of damages in respect of anxiety and distress resulting from harassment. Moreover Section 7 (2) provides that harassment includes â€Å"alarming the person or causing the person distress†. Section 7(2) would certainly include the silent telephone calls as well as the false report that Ben’s wife was in the emergency room of the hospital. On the facts of the case for discussion, Ben has certainly suffered what can be described as anxiety or distres

Problems in Education Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Problems in Education - Research Paper Example Statement of the Problem The problem in the United States is that students studying mathematics are far behind those of most other industrialized nations, there are only a few which are the same or worse off than the United States. Thus, the United States has to find a way to improve its overall scores. And back in 1998, the Clinton administration earmarked an additional $25 million over the 1998 U.S. budget to help schools integrate technology into the curriculum and for technology training for teachers. (Chaika, 2006) This allowed for the United States to start the process of possibly catching up to other world powers when it comes to the education of students in the core subjects. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the research for this study is to show that technology can positively affect the learning process of 8th graders in a Tennessee middle school. Furthermore, this study will show whether or not the use of whiteboards improved the scores of the students from the initial p re-test to the post test taken at the end of the observational study. Importance of the Study Since the Clinton administration set aside $25 million back in 1998 to help teachers and school districts across the United States to improve their scores through the use of today’s modern technology. Integrating the technology into the everyday routine for use by a teacher and a student was the Clinton administration’s key to their Education Reform in 1998. The importance of the study will show just how the technology affects the learning through student interaction and through testing of their skills before and after the use of whiteboards are implemented into the classroom. Definition of Terms whiteboard: technological board which can show... The problem statement for this study is that students in the United States studying mathematics are far behind those of most other industrialized nations, there are only a few which are the same or worse off than the United States. Thus, the United States has to find a way to improve its overall scores. And back in 1998, the Clinton administration earmarked an additional $25 million over the 1998 U.S. budget to help schools integrate technology into the curriculum and for technology training for teachers. This allowed for the United States to start the process of possibly catching up to other world powers when it comes to the education of students in the core subjects. Since the Clinton administration set aside $25 million back in 1998 to help teachers and school districts across the United States to improve their scores through the use of today’s modern technology. Integrating the technology into the everyday routine for use by a teacher and a student was the Clinton administ ration’s key to their Education Reform in 1998. The importance of the study will show just how the technology affects the learning through student interaction and through testing of their skills before and after the use of whiteboards are implemented into the classroom. There are multiple procedures used in this research study. This study takes a sample size of 130 students from one particular teacher’s Eighth Grade Mathematics classes within a Tennessee middle school as they use whiteboards for their studies and class interaction. The observational study will collect data from the initial pretest and the concluding posttest. Once the data is collected, it will be analyzed.

Newton Raphson Method Example

Newton Raphson Method Example INTEGRATED AC/DC POWER SYSTEM USING MODIFIED NEWTON-RAPHSON LOAD FLOW ANALYSIS ABSTRACT The Newton-Raphson method or the other name called Newton Method, is a powerful technique for solving equations numerically. Like so much of the differential calculus, it is based on the simple idea of linear approximation. The Newton Method, properly used, usually homes in on a root with devastating efficiency. In this research, the Newton-Raphson method load flow analysis will be modified. It is modified to attain compatibility for the AC/DC systems with unified DC links in the ac network. The modified Jacobian equation includes the DC real and reactive power at the AC/DC buses and their dependency on the AC system variables. The AC/DC test system with a load flow computation in MATLAB will be evaluated by using modified Newton-Raphson method. INTRODUCTION Electric power transmission was primitively developed with direct current. The availability of transformers and the development and of induction motors at the beginning of the 20th Century, led to greater appeal and use of AC transmission. The research and development on multi-electrode grid controlled mercury arc valve for high powers and voltages was carried out in 1929. There use in conversion processes for transmission and frequency changing was carried out in 1930’s. DC transmission now became practical when long distances were to be covered or where cables were required. After the Second World War, the research on HVDC got stimulated, particularly in Sweden and in Russia. In 1950, a 116 km experimental transmission line was commissioned from Moscow to Kasira at 200 kV [1]. HVDC transmission is now an integral part of the delivery of electricity in many countries throughout the world. In view of rapid growth in demand and supply of electricity, electric power system is becoming increasingly large and more complex. Moreover, regular electric supply is the sheer necessity for growing industry and other fields of life. The power industry planners are demanding stronger trend towards supplying electric power of higher quality by improving the system security and its impact on environment in parallel with pursuit of economy. In real life situation, the criterion of perfection is never met, because there are deviations between the model and reality. Load flow and state estimation analysis are important tools for deciding the stable operation and control of power system as well as future planning of power systems [2, 3]. The first commercial HVDC line built in 1954 was a 98 km submarine cable with ground return between the island of Gotland and the Swedish mainland [4]. Thyristors were applied to DC. Transmission in the late 1960’s and solid state valves became a reality. In 1969, a contract for the Eel River DC. Link in Canada was awarded as the first application of sold state valves for HVDC transmission [4]. PROBLEM STATEMENT Why use DC transmission in the transmission system? This question often asked by the people. Some of people are response that the losses will are lower. Unfortunately, the answer given not correct. Therefore, the level of losses is planed into a transmission system and modulate by the selected conductor size. Either as overhead transmission lines or submarine cables can have lower losses but at higher expense since the larger cross-sectional area will generally result in lower losses but cost more for the DC and AC conductors. It is mostly by economic choice, when converters are used for DC transmission in preference to AC transmission driven by one of the following reasons: An overhead DC transmission line with its towers can be designed to be less costly per unit of length than an equivalent AC line designed to transmit the same level of electric power. However it is more costly at each end of the DC converter stations than the terminating stations of an AC line. Therefore, there is a breakeven distance above which the total cost of DC transmission is less than its AC transmission alternative. Lower visual profile can have by the DC transmission line than an equivalent AC line. Indeed, it lead to a lower environmental impact. There are other environmental advantages to a DC transmission line through the electric and magnetic fields being DC instead of ac. The breakeven distance is lesser than overhead transmission, if transmission is by submarine or underground cable. It is not practicable to consider AC cable systems exceeding 50 km but DC cable transmission systems are in service with length which is in hundreds of kilometers and even distances greater than or equal 600 km have been considered executable. Neighboring networks are not synchronized with some AC electric power systems even though their physical distances between them are quite small. This situation occurs in Japan. It is 60 Hz network for half the country and the 50 Hz system for the other side. It is physically impossible to connect the both of them together by direct AC methods in order to exchange electric power between them. Nevertheless, it is likely to transfer the needed power flow even though the AC systems, if a DC converter station is located in each system with an interconnecting DC link between them indeed connected remain asynchronous [1]. OBJECTIVES The main objectives of this research are: To study the Newton-Raphson method for the load flow analysis. To modified the Newton-Raphson method to attain compatibility for AC/DC systems with integrated DC links in the AC network. SIGNIFICANT OF STUDY Load flow study is a crucial tool that involve with the numerical analysis applied to a power system. A power flow study usually uses simplified notation such as a one-line diagram and per-unit system and focuses on various forms of AC power (i.e. voltages, voltage angles, real power and reactive power) [5]. Normal steady-state operation is how the power system is analyze. Exist a few number of software implementations of power flow studies. Load flow analysis is probably the most important of all network calculations since it concerns the network performance in its normal operating conditions. It is performed to enquire the magnitude and phase angle of the voltage at each bus and the real and reactive power flows in the system components. The important of this study is to attain compatibility for AC/DC systems with integrated DC links in the AC network by using the modification of the Newton-Raphson power flow analysis method. SCOPE OF WORK The scope of this research is to analyze IEEE test system with the modified Newton-Raphson algorithm that will be develop and to solve the HVDC link power system load flow. This algorithm will be develop from the Newton-Raphson equation and some other equation from the DC link equations. The Jacobian equation for the AC power flow is altered to attain compatibility for systems with integrated DC link(s) in the AC network. Treated as voltage dependent PQ-buses are the converters. This grant the DC variables to be included in the power flow equations. Both the AC network and the DC link will be comprise by the new residual vector and Jacobian matrix [6]. LITERATURE REVIEW The studies of integrated ac/dc power system, their advantages and analysis of load flow in integrated ac/dc power system and their implementation is much developed here the literature review on these aspects is briefly summarized as: K. Ayan, U. Arifoglu, U. Kilic represent the Load Flow (LF) analysis of pure AC power systems is solved saperately. It is by numerical analysis methods and the heuristic methods. The load flow of integrated ac/dc power systems only has been implementing by numerical methods so far. A lot of methods to implement load flow analysis of integrated ac/dc power systems in literature. Examples of these methods are Newton-Raphson, Fast Decoupled and Broyden. By using Genetic Algorithm the consecutive load flow analysis of AC/DC system is implemented. The suggest method is examine on IEEE 9-bus test system. Heuristic method is apply for load flow analysis of the integrated AC/DC power systems for the first time [7]. Panosyan and Oswald presented the model of a two-terminal HVDC link and its integration into the Newton-Raphson method for the load flow analysis taking into consideration the control strategies of the HVDC converter stations. It is suggested that the simplest way of integrating a dc link into the ac load flow is by representing it by constant active and reactive power injections at the two terminal buses in the ac systems. Thus the two terminal ac/dc buses are delineate as a PQ-bus with a constant voltage independent active and reactive power [8]. Sanghavi and Banerjee suggested a sequential approach for performing the load flow analysis of an integrated ac/dc power system. In this approach a simplified model of the dc link has been developed and the means of integrating the link equation with a standard ac load flow program has been explained. in this model minimum amount of modifications have been made with a standard ac load flow program [3]. Mobarak presented the well-known Newton-Raphson method for the load flow analysis of system consisting of HVDC link. The original NR method is modified to attain compatibility for AC/DC systems with integrated DC links in the AC network. The altered Jacobian equation includes the DC real and reactive power at the AC/DC buses and the dependency on the AC system variables [9]. Marsafawy and Mathur proposed a new method for the load-flow calculations of, integrated AC/DC systems. They proposed use of fast decoupled load flow method, which handles all AC/DC equations simultaneously, and fully exploits the sparsity techniques. They have shown application of the technique on two systems. The systems are one with a point to-point DC transmission and the other with a 3-terminal mesh HVDC sub-system. It was a fast technique for load-flow studies of an integrated AC/DC system [10]. Â   METHODOLOGY Definition of Terms/Concepts MATLAB: MATLABÂ ®is a high-level language and interactive environment for numerical computation, visualization, and programming. Using MATLAB, data can be analyze, develop algorithms, and create models and applications. The language, tools, and built-in math functions enable us to explore multiple approaches and reach a solution faster than with spreadsheets or traditional programming languages. Newton-Raphson Equation: Power flow equations formulated in polar form. Expressing in polar form; Separating the real and imaginary parts; Expanding equation above in Taylors series The Jacobian matrix; DC Link Equation: Suppose the rectifier maintains constant current (CC), the inverter operates with constant extinction angle (CEA), maintaining adequate commutation margin under normal operation. That is: If we assume the rectifier maintains constant current (CC), the inverter operates with constant voltage (CV), maintaining adequate commutation margin under normal operation. That is: CONCLUSION In a nutshell, the objective of this study will be achieved after all the research have been done. The Newton-Raphson method will be study and will be applied in the load flow analysis. Then, the Newton-Raphson method will be modified and applied in the AC/DC systems with the integrated DC links in the AC network to achieve it compatibility. The research will able to make the calculation for the AC/DC systems with integrated DC links in the AC network become easy. A new method to include dc systems in power flow calculations will be proposed. The method is more efficient than previous methods and more importantly, the method is easy to implement and developments of ac power flow solution techniques can be combined with the other method. REFERENCES [1]D. A. Woodford, HVDC transmission, Manitoba HVDC Research Centre, pp. 400-1619, 1998. [2]J. Arrillaga and P. Bodger, Integration of h.v.d.c. links with fast-decoupled load-flow solutions, Electrical Engineers, Proceedings of the Institution of, vol. 124, pp. 463-468, 1977. [3]H. A. Sanghavi and S. K. Banerjee, Load flow analysis of integrated AC-DC power systems, in TENCON 89. Fourth IEEE Region 10 International Conference, 1989, pp. 746-751. [4]H. Sato and J. Arrillaga, Improved load-flow techniques for integrated a.c.-d.c. systems, Electrical Engineers, Proceedings of the Institution of, vol. 116, pp. 525-532, 1969. [5]S. Gupta and S. K. Jain, Power flow analysis of system with HVDC link, 2012. [6]O. Osaloni and G. Radman, Integrated AC/DC systems power flow solution using Newton-Raphson and Broyden approaches, in System Theory, 2005. SSST05. Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Southeastern Symposium on, 2005, pp. 225-229. [7]K. Ayan, U. Arifoglu, and U. Kilic, Integrated AC/DC systems Load Flow using Genetic Algorithm, in Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO), 2011 5th International, 2011, pp. 404-409. [8]A. Panosyan and B. Oswald, Modified Newton-Raphson load flow analysis for integrated AC/DC power systems, in Universities Power Engineering Conference, 2004. UPEC 2004. 39th International, 2004, pp. 1223-1227. [9]Y. A. Mobarak, Notice of Violation of IEEE Publication PrinciplesModified load flow analysis for integrated AC/DC power systems, in Power System Conference, 2008. MEPCON 2008. 12th International Middle-East, 2008, pp. 402-405. [10]M. M. El-Marsafawy and R. M. Mathur, A New, Fast Technique for Load-Flow Solution of Integrated Multi-Terminal DC/AC Systems, Power Apparatus and Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol. PAS-99, pp. 246-255, 1980.

Year Round Education Program

Imagine a child, on a hot summer day†¦ no baseball, no swimming, no picnics or amusement park rides. Instead of spending time doing all of the things kids like to during summer vacations, this child, is attending school. Year round education (YRE) has been around since 1904, with 3,000 schools and 2 million students currently using the program (National Association). Students in year round schools go to school the same 180 days that traditional schools attend. In YRE, the summer vacation is eliminated, replacing it with shorter, more frequent breaks. There is a number of ways the year round school can operate, including: 90/30, 45/15, and 60/20. The most popular of these calendars is the 45/15, where the year is divided into 4 nine week terms, separated by 4 three week vacations (National Association). YRE has been a debated issue in education almost since it began. Supporters of YRE say this schedule improves the learning process. The biggest debate, however, comes from the parents and teachers who believe there are no proven studies that YRE helps the learning process at all. So, is year round schooling a good choice for the education of your children? YRE will not only hurt the education system, but it will create chaos for the lives of the students attending and their families. Supporters of YRE believe year round schools are more cost effective than traditional schools. With population in some districts rising rapidly, YRE is said to reduce overcrowding of schools and classrooms. In many cases, school calendars are changed in response to population growth. By running schools all year, districts can pack in more students and postpone building new schools (Endless Summer). Supporters of YRE say that by staggering vacations and schedules, schools can increase capacity by 25-50 percent (Should Kids go). Supporters argue that the costs for the transition form a traditional calendar to year round schools are modest compared to the construction costs of new schools (Inger, Morton). However, those against YRE feel that expenses will only be reduced temporarily. According to a â€Å"Year Round Education Study† conducted by the Lewisville, Texas Independent School District, â€Å"Findings of a year-long study concluded that there is no financial benefit to operating a Single Track System. The system would cause a modest increase in operational expenses without providing any instructional benefits† (Time to Learn). In Iowa, the Carroll School Board found that the costs of the district moving to a year round education system could range from $16,786 to $32,412. Taylor Elementary School, in Cedar Rapids, spends more money according to the classroom teachers that any other elementary school. Schools in Davenport reported that the switch to YRE will cost an additional $36,000 in salaries, $3000 per year for equipment, and supplies, and $22,300 as a one time expense for teacher training. Plus, the move to YRE would also cost the district an extra $92,626 to fully air condition the school building. In Des Moines, Moulten schools spend about $80,000 annually for year round schooling. If YRE were implemented, Indianola school districts would spend an additional $3,655 for middle school and $5,000 for elementary school to pay for the additional secretarial, administrative, and custodial time during the summer (Time to Learn). Costs will not only be incurred with the schools, but also with the state and with taxpayers. Cost savings for one of these groups may create cost increases for the other (Naylor, Charlie). Contrary to what supporters of YRE claim, there are definitely extra costs to implementing and maintaining a year round education system. Supporters of YRE say that year round schools would promote continuous learning. The belief is that students forget a lot of what they learn while on long summer vacations. This is seen more in slower learning students and for those who know English as their second language. It is also thought that because students retain more when the learning process is interrupted for only short periods of time, teachers in year round schools need to spend less time reviewing pre-vacation material (Inger, Morton). Although this seems true, opponents believe that there is research that needs to be addressed. Mary Lee Smith and Gene V. Glass have done extensive research in year round schools since 1974. In a study conducted by Smith and Glass, in a school district in Colorado, the learning loss in the students was evaluated. They found that although teachers in year round schools spent less time reviewing pre-vacation material than teachers in traditional schools did, the actual achievement differences were insignificant on tests designed specifically to measure district objectives (Glass, Gene V). According to Don Patterson, a member of the Albuquerque, New Mexico School Board that tried and rejected year round schooling, â€Å"Short term memory loss is very acute. Studies show that the only discernible summer loss occurs in the first two to three weeks. So, by introducing all these multiple breaks, all you†re doing is maximizing forgetting. † It has also been proven that forgetting and relearning are part of the learning process. Gaps in student†s learning begin with loss of context retention in the subject area, which begins within 24-48 hours, unless the new information is reinforced or applied immediately. After a month without reinforcement, about 80% of what a student has learned is recently lost. Research indicates what we retain depends on student motivation and teacher-effectiveness and isn†t limited to a time factor (Time to Learn). It is quite obvious that YRE does not improve the learning process, as those who support YRE claim. Supporters of the year round school system believe there are many benefits in the program for students and teachers. Advocates of YRE say families have greater flexibility in planning vacations that often cost less. Parents that support YRE feel that the shorter, more frequent vacations allowed students to remain focused and enthusiastic (Prisoners of Time). Angie Maniscalco, a 5th grade student at Fairmount Elementary in St. Louis, says, â€Å"Kids should go to school nine weeks and be off three because, kids get bored in the summer. They get sick of swimming every single day going skating or basically doing anything. I go to school for nine weeks, then get off three† (Should Schools). Supporters also believe parents who are working outside the home can take advantage of year-round care for their children. Teachers that support the idea of YRE feel that the more frequent breaks reduce burnout, and that the frequent breaks during the school year enable teachers to visit and learn from other programs and other teachers (Prisoners of Time). Those against YRE have different views about what year-round schooling will do for the students and the teachers. In year round schools, middle, elementary and high school students often have different schedules. While vacationing in the off-season may work well, when children are on different schedules, vacations can be more of a problem. YRE can certainly disrupt family life. With different ages of students, vacations are difficult to schedule. For example, children on non-traditional schedules may miss out on Boy Scout Camp, because their summer vacation falls in the month of August and the activity is programmed for July. School activities can suffer as well. One study found that band, chorus, drama, and student government were particularly hit hard (Never Ending School). While there may be some benefits to YRE, it is obvious that there are many situations where the year round calendar will cause confusion in the lives of those involved. Perhaps the most debated issue in YRE is that of the achievement scores. Supporters of YRE claim that student performance in year round schools is much greater. They believe that year round schools will yield higher achievement scores that traditional schools. Many advocates for YRE claim there are studies by the National Association for Year Round Education that report that year round schools have a very positive impact on student grades. Although supporters boast high achievement scores on tests, and higher student grades, those against YRE disagree (Year Round Education: Is). Critics of YRE say there is no evidence for higher academic gains under YRE as compared to traditional schools. Studies and test scores repeatedly show little improvement by students in year round schools. When test scores do increase, many educators hesitate to attribute increases to the new calendar (Time to Learn). Many of these studies, have been conducted by the National Association for Year Round Education (NAYRE), a highly biased organization, whose consultants earn significant amounts of income by promotion YRE. Robert Rosenfield, a systems analyst from Potomac, Maryland, was so concerned at what he considered to be misrepresented data by the NAYRE that he analyzed a substantial number of YRE evaluations in a 1994 paper. He concluded, â€Å"Each study presented in the NAYRE review has either been incompletely characterized, or otherwise contradicted by other studies within the same state or district. Nothing in the NAYRE review demonstrates any academic achievement gain by changing to a year-round calendar. In a 1993 Resnik study of Oakland Unified School District, California, concluded, â€Å"Students at year-round schools show on average a lower academic achievement level than those at other schools, and their achievement has decreased for the period, while it increased for schools in the regular calendar. † Overall, as you can see, there is little difference in student achievement between year-round and traditional calendars (Year Round Education: Is). As evidence has shown, year round education will not improve the education of our children. YRE will cost more money for schools. YRE will not promote continuous learning. YRE won†t create benefits for students and teachers, but will create chaos in the lives of the people around them. Achievement scores in schools with YRE will not increase, but in fact, in some cases, get worse. A few spoken views on YRE say it best. Sheila Duty Gibson says, â€Å"Many students show that year-round schools do not improve education. Changing the days students attend school does not address what many believe are the real problems in education such as a lack of parental involvement, teacher development, effective teaching methods and curriculum. An anonymous editorial in a North Carolina newspaper says, â€Å"It†s time to face the truth. The year-round schedule is a personal preference, not the answer to our educational problems. Year-round school doesn†t work for everyone. † Executive Editor of Elizabethton Star in Tennessee, said it well when he said, â€Å"Summertime offers our youngsters an extended time to experience life in such a way that will never again be afforded. If we are going to do anything with respect to school scheduling, we should extend the summer vacation to Labor Day† (Time to Learn).